Grading
The process of mathematically scaling a base pattern to the other sizes in a size range, applying the increments defined in the size chart.
Also called "pattern grading" or "size grading". It is what lets you go from a single pattern in size M to the patterns for S, L and XL without redrawing each one from scratch.
Example
Grading a t-shirt pattern from size M to L can mean adding 2 cm to the chest width and 1.5 cm to the total length, distributed at specific points of the pattern.